The+Cold+War

Part 1

Define: aid, satellite state, policy of containment, occupy, creation, arms race, deterrence, administration, communications, domino theory.

Aid - to provide support for or relief to; help: to aid the homeless victims of the fire.

Satellite State - (sometimes referred to as a [|__client state__]) is a political term that refers to a [|__country__] that is formally independent, but under heavy influence or control by another country.

Policy of Containment - a U.S. policy using military, economic, and diplomatic strategies to temper the spread of [|__communism__], enhance America’s security and influence abroad, and prevent a "[|__domino effect__]".

Occupy- to take possession and control of (a place), as by military invasion.

Creation- production, development, formation.

Arms Race - competition between countries to achieve superiority in quantity and quality of military arms.

Deterrence- the act of deterring, esp. deterring a nuclear attack by the capacity or threat of retaliating.

Administration- the function of a political state in exercising its governmental duties.

Communications- routes and transportation for moving troops and supplies from a base to an area of operations.

Domino Theory-a theory that if one country is taken over by an expansionist, esp. Communist, neighbor, party, or the like, the nearby nations will be taken over one after another.

People and Events Identify: Truman Doctrine, Dean Acheson, Marshall Plan, NATO, Warsaw Pact, SEATO, CENTO, Nikita Khrushchev.

Truman Doctrine - the policy of President Truman, as advocated in his address to Congress on March 12, 1947, to provide military and economic aid to Greece and Turkey and, by extension, to any country threatened by Communism or any totalitarian ideology.

Dean Acheson - United States statesman who promoted the Marshall Plan and helped establish NATO (1893-1971)

Marshall Plan - a plan for aiding the European nations in economic recovery after World War II, proposed by U.S. Secretary of State George C. Marshall in 1947 and implemented in 1948 under the Economic Cooperation Administration. Abbreviation: ERP, E.R.P.

NATO - an organization formed in Washington, D.C. (1949), comprising the 12 nations of the Atlantic Pact together with Greece, Turkey, and the Federal Republic of Germany, for the purpose of collective defense against aggression.

Warsaw Pact- an organization formed in Warsaw, Poland (1955), comprising Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and the U.S.S.R., for collective defense under a joint military command.

SEATO - an organization formed in Manila (1954), comprising Australia, Great Britain, France, New Zealand, Pakistan, the Philippines, Thailand, and the United States, for collective defense against aggression in southeastern Asia and the southwestern Pacific: abolished in 1977.

CENTO - a former organization (1959–79) for economic and military cooperation, established as successor to the Baghdad Pact, and comprising Great Britain, Iran, Pakistan, and Turkey. The U.S. had affiliate status.

Nikita Khrushcev - Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev[|__[1__]] (April 15, 1894 – September 11, 1971) led the [|__Soviet Union__] during the [|__Cold War__]. He served as[|__First Secretary__] of the [|__Communist Party of the Soviet Union__] from 1953 to 1964, and as [|__Chairman of the Council of Ministers__], or Premier, from 1958 to 1964. Khrushchev was responsible for the partial [|__de-Stalinization__] of the Soviet Union, for backing the progress of the early [|__Soviet space program__], and for several relatively liberal reforms in areas of domestic policy. Khrushchev's party colleagues removed him from power in 1964, replacing him with [|__Leonid Brezhnev__].


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1. Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Great Britain, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal and the United States

2. The Soviet Union, Albania (until 1968), Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany (until 1990), Hungary, Poland, Romania

3. Australia, France, New Zealand, Pakistan, Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand, UK, US

4. Iran, Iraq, Turkey and the UK.

QUESTIONS

1. What was the Marshall Plan? 1947–51, of the US for rebuilding and creating a stronger economic foundation for the countries of Western Europe. The initiative was named for George Marshall and was largely the creation of State of Department officials, especially Willaim L. Clayton. George Marshall spoke of the administration's desire to help European recovery in his address at Harvard University in June 1947. 2. Why did the United States and the Soviet Union become involved in an arms race? The US was concerned that a Soviet Military build-up might threaten our military dominance over that nation.

3. What was the domino theory? Was it right or wrong? Why? The theory that stated if one country falls to communism, another will, and another, and another. It has worked and we use it today in our prevention programs.

4.Explain why the Berlin Wall was built. Until 1961 East German citizen were allowed to travel to West Berlin. Travelling to West Germany became difficult after closing the border between East and West Germany in 1952. The Wall was erected in 1961 because more than 2.6 million East Germans escaped to West Berlin or West Germany from 1949 to 1961 (total population of East Germany was about 17 million!).

5 Summarizing Information Use TIMETOAST to list the American presidents who held office during the Cold War and major events related to the Cold War that took place during their administrations. (for this exercise we define COLD WAR as between 1947 and 1991 - include major weapons developments)

PART 2

Vocabulary Define: heavy industry, conform, de-Stalinization, symbol. People Identify: Alexander Solzhenitsyn, Tito, Imre Nagy, Alexander Dubcˇek.

Heavy Industry: Heavy industry does not have a single fixed meaning as compared to light industry. It can mean production of products which are either heavy in weight or in the processes leading totheir production. In general, it is a popular term used within the name of many Japanese and Korean firms, meaning 'construction' for big projects. Example projects include theconstruction of large buildings, chemical plants, the H-IIA rocket and also includes the production of construction equipment such as cranes and bulldozers. Alternatively, heavy industry projects can be generalized as more capital intensive or as requiring greater or more advanced resources, facilities or management.

Conform- comply with rules, standards, or laws : the kitchen does not conform to hygiene regulations | the changes were introduced to conform with international classifications. • (of a person) behave according to socially acceptable conventions or standards : the pressure to conform. • be similar in form or type; agree : the countryside should conform to a certain idea of the picturesque

De-Stalinization- De-Stalinization refers to the process of eliminating the cult of personality and Stalinist political system created by Soviet leader Joseph Stalin.

Symbol- a shape or sign used to represent something such as an organization, e.g., a red cross or a Star of David.

Alexander Solzhenitsyn- Aleksandr Isayevich Solzhenitsyn (English pronunciation: [|__/soʊlʒəˈniːtsɨn/__][|__[1__]] Russian: Алекса́ндр Иса́евич Солжени́цын,pronounced [|__[ɐlʲɪˈksandr ɪˈsaɪvʲɪtɕ səlʐɨˈnʲitsɨn__]]) (December 11, 1918 – August 3, 2008)[|__[2__]] was a Soviet[|__[3__]] and Russian[|__[3__]] novelist,dramatist, and historian. Through his writings he helped to make the world aware of the Gulag, the Soviet Union's forced labor camp system – particularly The Gulag Archipelago and One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, two of his best-known works. Solzhenitsyn was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1970. He was exiled from the Soviet Union in 1974 and returned to Russia in 1994. Solzhenitsyn was the father of Ignat Solzhenitsyn, a conductor and pianist.

Tito - (1892–1980), Yugoslav marshal and statesman; prime minister 1945–53 and president 1953–80; born Josip Broz. He organized a communist resistance movement against the Germaninvasion of Yugoslavia in 1941. He became head of the new government at the end of World War II and established Yugoslavia as a nonaligned communist state with a federal constitution.

Imre Nagy- The native form of this personal name is Nagy Imre. This article uses the Western name order. Imre Nagy (June 7, 1896 – June 16, 1958) was a Hungarian politician, appointed Prime Minister of Hungary on two occasions. Nagy's second term ended when his non-Soviet-backed government was brought down by Soviet invasion in the failed Hungarian Revolution of 1956, resulting in Nagy's execution on charges of treason two years later.

Alexander Dubcˇek-Alexander Dubček (27 November 1921 – 7 November 1992) was a [|__Slovak__] politician and briefly leader of [|__Czechoslovakia__] (1968–1969), famous for his attempt to reform the [|__Communist__] regime ([|__Prague Spring__]). Later, after the overthrow of the [|__authoritarian__]government in 1989, he was Chairman of the [|__federal Czecho-Slovak parliament__].

SOVIET UNIONS COMMUNIST POLICIES

Stalin and his supporters have highlighted the notion that socialism can be built consolidated by a country as underdeveloped as Russia during the 1920s. Indeed this might be the only means in which it could be built in a hostile place In 1933, Stalin put forward the theory of aggravation with along with socialism, arguing that the further the country would move forward, the more acute forms of struggle will be used by the doomed remnants of exploiter classes in their last desperate efforts – and that, therefore, political repression was necessary. In 1936, Stalin announced that the society of the Soviet Union consisted of two non-antagonistic classes: workers and kolkaz peasantry. These corresponded to the two different forms of property over the ways of production that existed in the Soviet Union: state property (for the workers) and collective property (for the peasantry). In addition to these, Stalin distinguished the stratum of intelligence. The concept of "non-antagonistic classes" was entirely new to Leninist theory. Among Stalin's contributions to Communist theoretical literature were "Marxism and the National Question", "Trotskyism or Leninism", and Stalin's Collected Works.

 =**Part 3**=

**Define:**
// W **elfare State** - a system whereby the government undertakes to protect the health and well-being of its citizens, esp. those in financial or social need, by means of grants, pensions, and other benefits. //
 * Role** - position, job , post , office , duty , responsibility , mantle , place ; function , part.


 * Bloc** - a combination of countries, parties, or groups sharing a common purpose


 * Real wages** - refers to wages that have been adjusted for inflation. This term is used in contrast to nominal wages or unadjusted wages.


 * Civil Rights Movement** - was a worldwide political movement for equality before the law occurring between approximately 1950 and 1980.


 * Consumer Society** - a society in which the buying and selling of goods and services is themost important social and economic activity.


 * Women’s Liberation Movement** - refers to political, cultural, and economic movements aimed at establishing greater rights and legal protections for women.


 * Publish** - prepare and issue (a book, journal, piece of music, or other work) for public sale


 * QUESTIONS**


 * 1) What was the Marshall Plan?
 * 2) Why did the United States and the Soviet Union become involved in an arms race?
 * 3) What was the domino theory? Was it right or wrong? Why?
 * 4) Explain why the Berlin Wall was built.
 * 5) Summarizing Information Use TIMETOAST to list the American presidents who held office during the Cold War and major events related to the Cold War that took place during their administrations. (for this exercise we define COLD WAR as between 1947 and 1991 - include major weapons developments)


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Identify how the Soviet Union carried out Communist policies.
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After World War II, six countries in Eastern Europe became Soviet satellite states. Identify these six countries.
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Gunfire breaks up an antiwar protest at Kent State Univer- sity, Ohio, in 1970. Today, a memorial inscribed “Inquire, Learn, Reflect” marks the site where four students were killed by the National Guard. What message or lesson is conveyed to you by the events at Kent State?
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