Nationalism+Around+the+World

//**Part 1 **


 * __Vocabulary Define:__** genocide, ethnic cleansing, eliminate, establish.
 * __People Identify:__** Abdulhamid II, T. E. Lawrence, Atatürk, Reza Shah Pahlavi, Ibn Saud.


 * __Genocide__**- The killing of a type of person.

__**Ethnic Cleansing**__- T ////he mass expulsion and killing of one ethnic or religious group in an area by another ethnic or religious group in that area.


 * __Eliminate__**- extinguish: terminate, end, or take out.


 * __Establish__**- brought about or set up or accepted; especially long established.


 * __Abdulhamid II-__** ////the 34th sultan of the //[|//Ottoman Empire//]//. He oversaw a period of decline in the power and extent of the Empire, ruling from 31 August 1876 until he was deposed on 27 April 1909. Abdülhamid II was the last Ottoman Sultan to rule with absolute power, and was succeeded by //[|//Mehmed V//]//.

__T.E. Lawrence__**-** // //a //[|//British Army//]// officer renowned especially for his liaison role during the //[|//Arab Revolt//]// against Ottoman Turkish rule of 1916–18. The extraordinary breadth and variety of his activities and associations, and his ability to describe them vividly in writing, have earned him international fame as Lawrence of Arabia, a title popularised by the 1962 //[|//film based on his life//]//.


 * __Ataturk-__** // //an extremely capable military officer by being the only undefeated Ottoman commander during //[|//World War I//]//. //[|//[1//]//]Following the defeat of the //[|//Ottoman Empire//]//, he led the //[|//Turkish national movement//]//<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> in the //[|//Turkish War of Independence//]//<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">. Having established a provisional government in //[|//Ankara//]//<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">, he defeated the forces sent by the //[|//Allies//]//<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">.


 * __Reza Shah Pahlavi__**- // //<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">was the //[|//Shah//]//<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> of the //[|//Imperial State of Iran//][|//[3//]//<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">] from December 15, 1925 until he was forced to //[|//abdicate//]//<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> by the //[|//Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran//]//<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> in September 16, 1941. In 1925, Reza Shah overthrew //[|//Ahmad Shah Qajar//]//<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">, the last //[|//Shah//]//<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> of the //[|//Qajar dynasty//]//<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">, and founded the //[|//Pahlavi Dynasty//]//<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">, which consisted of himself and ended with his son. He established an //[|//authoritarian government//]//<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> that valued //[|//nationalism//]//<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">, //[|//militarism//]//<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">, //[|//secularism//]//<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> and //[|//anti-communism//]//<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> combined with strict //[|//censorship//]//<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> and //[|//state propaganda//]//<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">. //    //<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">


 * __Ibn Saud-__** // //<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">the first //[|//monarch//]//<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> of The Third Saudi State known as //[|//Saudi Arabia//]//<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">. //

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">//<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">**__#1 - Why did the British support Arab nationalists during World War I?__** // <span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">//<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Its central premise is that the peoples of the Arab World, from the Atlantic .... Nonetheless, Jerusalem, Beirut, and Baghdad remained significant bases of support. ...while the younger guard did not have a single representative leader. ... During the warthe British had been a major sponsor of Arab nationalist // //<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">

<span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">//<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">He establishment of the republic did not mean the end of reform, as Atatürk and ... TheIslamic courts and Islamic canon law gave wayto a secular law structure .... The reform aimed to break away the traditional dependency // //<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">
 * __#2 - In what ways did Atatürk try to break the power of Islam in Turkey?__** //

<span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">//<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi held several titles: His Imperial Majesty, ... Various controversial policies were enacted, including the banning of the Tudeh Party and..... The Shah made major changes to curb the power of certain ancient elite // //<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">
 * __#3 - What were some of the changes that Reza Shah Pahlavi made in Persia?__** //

<span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">//<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">and it was left to Germany and Austria-Hungary "to determine the future status of ....Division of Austria-Hungary after World War I.Border of Austria- Hungary in 1914...acknowledged the new League of Nations mandates in the Middle East // //<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">
 * __#4 - Who determined the borders of most of the nations in the Middle East following World War I?__** //

<span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">//<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">The Balfour Declaration radically changed the status of the Zionist movement. ... Ultimately, the two undertakings of the Declarationwere incompatible.
 * __#5 - What was the Balfour Declaration? What were some of its results?__** //


 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 140%;">Part 2 ** //

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">//<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">**Vocabulary Define:** aware, Pan-Africanism, Mahatma, civil disobedience, zaibatsu, integrity.
 * People Identify:** W. E. B. DuBois, Marcus Garvey, Mohandas Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, Ho Chi Minh.


 * Aware-** //<span style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">//<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">showing knowledge or understanding or realization or perception


 * Pan-Africanism**- //<span style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate;">//<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">a sociopolitical world view, philosophy, and movement which seeks to unify native Africans and members of the African


 * Mahatma-** //<span style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; border-collapse: collapse;">//<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> term of respect for a brahmin sage


 * Civil Disobedience**- //<span style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate;">//<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">a group's refusal to obey a law because they believe the law is immoral (as in protest against discrimination)


 * Zaibatsu**- //<span style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; border-collapse: collapse;">//<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">literally plutocrats or financial clique is a Japanese term referring to industrial and financial business conglomerates


 * Integrity**- an undivided or unbroken completeness or totality with nothing wanting


 * W.E.B. DuBois-** //<span style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">//<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> an American //[|//civil rights activist//]//<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">, //[|//Pan-Africanist//]//<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">, //[|//sociologist//]//<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">, //[|//historian//]//<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">, //[|//author//]//<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">, and //[|//editor//]//<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">. Historian //[|//David Levering Lewis//]//<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> wrote, "In the course of his long, turbulent career, W. E. B. Du Bois attempted virtually every possible solution to the problem of twentieth-century racism


 * Marcus Garvey**- // //<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">a //[|//publisher//]//<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">, //[|//journalist//]//<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">, //[|//entrepreneur//]//<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">, //[|//Black Nationalist//]//<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">, //[|//Pan-Africanist//]//<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">, and //[|//orator//]//<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">. Marcus Garvey was founder of the //[|//Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League//]//<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> ( //[|//UNIA-ACL//]//<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">).


 * Mohandas Gahndi-** // //<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">He was the pioneer of //[|//satyagraha//]//<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">—resistance to //[|//tyranny//]//<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> through mass //[|//civil disobedience//]//<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">, a philosophy firmly founded upon //[|//ahimsa//]//<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> or total //[|//nonviolence//]//<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">—which led India to independence and inspired movements for civil rights and freedom across the world.


 * Jawaharlal Nehru**- // //<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">an //[|//Indian//][|//statesman//]//<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> who was the //[|//first//]//<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> (and to date the longest-serving) //[|//prime minister//]//<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> of India, from 1947 until 1964.


 * Ho Chi Minh**- // //<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">known as Nguyễn Ái Quốc(19 May 1890 – 2 September 1969) was a //[|//Vietnamese//] [|//Communist//] [|//revolutionary//]//<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> and statesman who was prime minister (1946–1955) and president (1945–1969) of the //[|//Democratic Republic of Vietnam//]//<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> (North Vietnam). //

<span style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">//<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">**__#1 - How did an African American and a Jamaican in the United States influence many of the new African leaders in the 1920s and 1930s?__** // <span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">//<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">As many as 90 percent of all Jamaicans can lay claim to African ancestry. ..... and Afro-American musical rhythms with rock and otherinfluences to create a ..... In the 1930s,Jamaican-U.S. political activity reached a new level as Jamaican ... The United States didnot contemplate annexing Jamaica as it did // //<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">

<span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">//<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">The first organised militant movements were in Bengal, but it later took ..... Under the presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru at its historic Lahore session in ... Gandhi, along with other members of the Congress Working Committee, .... However, the turn of tides in the Battlefields of Europe saw Bose make his way // //<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">
 * __#2 - In what ways were Gandhi’s and Nehru’s independence movements different?__** //

<span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">//<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Significant economic advances were made, especially in industrialization and ... Kita Ikki who advocated an economic and social revolution led by the militarists // //<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">
 * __#3 - How did industrialization in Japan lead to the rise of militarism?__** //

<span style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">//<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">an international //[|//communist//]//<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">organization founded in //[|//Moscow//]//<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> in March 1919. The International intended to fight "by all available means, including armed force, for the overthrow of the international bourgeoisie and for the creation of an international Soviet republic as a transition stage to the complete abolition of the State." //[|//[1//]//<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">] The Comintern was founded after the dissolution of the //[|//Second International//]//<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">in 1916, following the 1915 //[|//Zimmerwald Conference//]//<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> in which //[|//Vladimir Lenin//]//<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> had led the " //[|//Zimmerwald Left//]//<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">" against those who supported the " //[|//national union//]//<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">" governments in war with each other.
 * __#4 - What was the Comintern?__** //

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">


 * Part 3 ** //

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">//<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">**Vocabulary Define**: guerrilla tactics, pursue, constitutional, redistribution of wealth.
 * People and Events Identify:** Sun Yat-sen, Chiang Kai-shek, Shanghai Massacre, Mao Zedong, PLA. // //<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">


 * Guerrilla Tactics-** //<span style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">//<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">the irregular warfare and combat in which a small group of combatants use mobile military tactics in the form of ambushes


 * Pursue-** carry out or participate in an activity; be involved in


 * Constitutional-** benefit to or intended to benefit your physical makeup


 * Redistribution of Wealth**- In economics, redistribution is the transfer of income, wealth or property from some individuals to others.


 * Sun Yat-Sen**- //<span style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">//<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">a //[|//Chinese//] [|//revolutionary//]//<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> and //[|//political//]//<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> leader. As the foremost pioneer of Nationalist China, Sun is frequently referred to as the //[|//Father of the Nation//]//<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">.


 * Chiang Kai Shek**- // //<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">He was an influential member of the //[|//Kuomintang//]//<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">(KMT) and //[|//Sun Yat-sen//]//<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">'s close ally. He became the commandant of Kuomintang's //[|//Whampoa Military Academy//]//<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> and took Sun's place in the party when the latter died in 1925. In 1928, Chiang led the //[|//Northern Expedition//]//<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> to unify the country, becoming China's overall leader.


 * Shanghai Massacre-** // //<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">In //[|//Chinese//]//<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">, the incident is called "the Purging of the Party" by the //[|//Kuomintang//]//<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> (KMT), while the //[|//Communist Party of China//]//<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">(CPC) refers to it as the "Shanghai Massacre of 1927" //[|//[1//]//<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">], "April 12 Anti-revolutionary Coup" ( or "April 12 Tragedy". Many prominent Communist members of the Kuomintang were imprisoned or executed by Chiang in an attempt to destroy the influence of the CPC. // //<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">


 * Mao Zedong-** // //<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">a //[|//Chinese//]//<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> revolutionary, political theorist and //[|//communist//]//<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> leader. He led the //[|//People's Republic of China//]//<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> (PRC) from its establishment in 1949 until his death in 1976. His theoretical contribution to //[|//Marxism//]//<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">- //[|//Leninism//]//<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">, military strategies, and his brand of Communist policies are now collectively known as //[|//Maoism//]//<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">.


 * PLA**- // //<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">The PLA was established on August 1, 1927 — celebrated annually as " //[|//PLA Day//]//<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">" — as the //[|//military//]//<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> arm of the //[|//Communist Party of China//]//<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> (CCP). The People's Liberation Army's //[|//insignia//]//<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> consists of a roundel with a red star bearing the //[|//Chinese characters//]//<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> for "Eight One" referring to August 1 ( //[|//Chinese//]//<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">: 八一), the date of the 1927 //[|//Nanchang Uprising//]//<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">. //

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">//<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">**__#1 - What two parties formed an alliance in 1923 to drive the imperialist powers out of China?__** // <span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">//<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">In 1923, the two parties formed an alliance to oppose the warlords and drive the imperialist powers out of China. // //<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">

<span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">//<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Mao Zedong (also Mao Tse-Tung) was the world's most prominent Chinese .... With the 'sea' of peasants mobilized, Mao believed, the enemy would be swept .... 26, 1893, Mao Zedong did not venture outside his home province until he was 25. // //<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">
 * __#2 - How did Mao Zedong believe that a Chinese revolution would take place?__** //

<span style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: Arial; font-size: medium; line-height: normal;">//<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 90%;">he Long March saved //[|//Mao Zedong//]//<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 90%;"> and the Communist Party from the attacks by the Guomingdang. The Long March came about when the Chinese Communists had to flee a concerted Guomingdang attacked that had been ordered by //[|//Chiang Kai-shek//]//<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 90%;">. // //<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">
 * __#3 - What was the Long March?__** //

//<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">The New Life Movement was set up by Generalissimo //[|//Chiang Kai-shek//]//<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> and his wife //[|//Soong May-ling//]//<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> in February 1934. //[|//[1//]//<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">] It attempted to counter //[|//Communism//]//<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">ideology with a mix of traditional //[|//Confucianism//]//<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">, //[|//nationalism//]//<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> and //[|//authoritarianism//]//<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> that have some similarities to //[|//fascism//]//<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">. //[|//[1//]//<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">] It rejected //[|//individualism//]//<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> and Western //[|//capitalistic//]//<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> values. It also aimed to build up morale in a nation that was besieged with corruption, factionalism, and opium addiction. Some goals included courtesy to neighbors, following rules set by the government, keeping streets clean, conserving energy, and so forth. Chiang Kai-shek used the Confucian notion of self-cultivation and correct living for this movement. While some have praised the movement for its role in raising the quality of life somewhat during the //[|//war with Japan//]//<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">, other have criticized it for its lofty goals that were out of touch with the suffering of the general populace. //      //<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> The New Life Movement was considered part of the program to carry out the "principle of the people's livelihood" (minsheng zhuyi) in //[|//Sun Yat-sen//]//<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">'s //[|//Three Principles of the People//]//<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">.
 * __#4 - What was the New Life Movement? What were some of its goals?__** //

<span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;">** Part 4 **


 * Vocabulary Define:** oligarchy, stimulate, maintain.
 * People and Events Identify:** Juan Vicente Gómez, Good Neighbor policy, Hipólito Irigoyen, Getúlio Vargas, PRI, Lázaro Cárdenas.


 * Oligarchy-** //<span style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">//<span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;">a political system governed by a few people; "one of his cardinal convictions was that Britain was not run as a democracy


 * Stimulate-** //<span style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate;">//<span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;">To rouse to activity or heightened action


 * Maintain-** to keep in good condition,not get ruined.


 * Juan Vicente Gomez-** // //<span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;">a military general and de facto ruler of //[|//Venezuela//]//<span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;"> from 1908 until his death in 1935. He was president on three occasions during this time, and ruled as an unelected military strongman for the rest of the era.


 * Good Neighbor Policy-** // //<span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;">the //[|//foreign policy//]//<span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;"> of the administration of //[|//United States//]//<span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;"> President //[|//Franklin Roosevelt//]//<span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;"> toward the countries of //[|//Latin America//]//<span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;">. The United States wished to have good relations with its neighbors, especially at a time when conflicts were beginning to rise once again, and this policy was more or less intended to garner Latin American support. The Good Neighbor Policy meant that the United States would keep its eye on Latin America in a more peaceful tone. Giving up unpopular military intervention, the United States shifted to other methods to maintain its influence in Latin America: //[|//Pan-Americanism//]//<span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;">, support for strong local leaders, the training of national guards, economic and cultural penetration, //[|//Export-Import Bank//]//<span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;"> loans, financial supervision, and political subversion.


 * Hipolito Irigoyen**- // //<span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;">twice //[|//President of Argentina//]//<span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;"> (from 1916 to 1922 and again from 1928 to 1930). Yrigoyen (he signed that way to distinguish himself from //[|//Bernardo de Irigoyen//]//<span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;">'s political ideas) was popularly known as "el peludo" ( //[|//The hairy armadillo//]//<span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;">) due to his introverted character and aversion to be seen in public. Pro-Yrigoyen political supporters were known as "personalistas", a rude suggestion that they were //[|//sycophants//]//<span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;"> of Yrigoyen, anti-Yrigoyen elements, not surprisingly, were known as "anti-personalistas".


 * Getilio Vargas-** // //<span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;">served as //[|//president//]//<span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;"> and //[|//dictator//]//<span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;">of //[|//Brazil//]//<span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;"> from 1930 to 1945 and from 1951 until his suicide in 1954. Vargas led Brazil for 15 years, being the president with most years of office. Vargas also won the nickname "The father of the poor" because of his worker's policy.

Lazaro Cardenas- // [|//President//]//<span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;"> of //[|//Mexico//]//<span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;"> from 1934 to 1940. //
 * PRI-** // //<span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;">a //[|//Mexican//] [|//political party//]//<span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;"> that wielded power in the country—under a succession of names—for more than 70 years. The PRI is a member of the //[|//Socialist International//]//<span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;">, as is the rival //[|//Party of the Democratic Revolution//]//<span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;"> (PRD), making Mexico one of the few nations with two major, competing parties part of the same international grouping. However, PRI is no longer a socialist party[ //[|//citation needed//]//<span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;">] in the traditional sense and its modern policies are seen to be like those of a centrist or even neoliberal party.

<span style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">//<span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;">**#1 - What were the effects of the Great Depression on Latin America’s economy?** Th //<span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">//<span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;">e first major American economic crisis, the Panic of 1819, was described by .....Main article: Great Depression in Latin America // //<span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;">

<span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">//<span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;">After Calles became president, Cárdenas became ....and which made Mexico the world's second-largest oil producer by 1921, ...make the changes in political distribution and corruptness that were the basis ... He expressed his dismay in the fact that somepeople and groups // //<span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;">
 * 2 - What were some of the changes that Cárdenas made after he became president of Mexico?** //

<span style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">//<span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;">Alejandro admired Renaissance art and would often give Frida ... Some of Frida's friendswere shocked by her choice while others saw it as a way to .... her goal was to become financially independent of Diego through the sale. //
 * 3 - What were some of the goals that Diego Rivera tried to achieve with his art?** //