World+War+and+Revolution



Part 1

Terms:

ethnic- An **ethnic group **  is a [|group] of people whose members identify with each other, through a common heritage that is real or assumed- sharing cultural characteristics

conscription- a general term for [|involuntary] enrollment in the service of a country

alter- to make different without changing into something else

anticipate- to expect; look forward to; be sure of

behalf- I nterest, support, or benefit.

mobilization- act of assembling and putting into readiness for war or other emergency

**What were the 4 long term causes of WW1? **
(EXTRA CREDIT...)

 Identify :
 * **Militarism ** The trend toward developing military resources, both for national defense and for the protection of colonial interests. Countries prepared for total war, using much of their resources to make armaments.
 * **Alliances ** There were too many alliances, often conflicting ones. Every country was pledging to protect others, creating entangling mutual protection schemes. (Secret Alliances were the problem)
 * **Imperialism ** As fewer areas of the world were left to colonize, countries were competing for existing colonies, and seeking to expand their borders with neighboring nations.
 * **Nationalism ** Jingoism and national unity were promoted by governments as a means of maintaining popular domestic support. In many countries, women were increasing their role in the workforce. This greatly expanded the available labor for industrial development, freeing manpower for the military while maintaining the production of armaments. Everyone was preparing for this war.

Triple Alliance, the military alliance among Germany, Austria–Hungary, and Italy that lasted from 1882 until the start of World War I in 1914

Triple Entente, the name given to the alliance between the [|United Kingdom], the [|French Third Republic], and [|Russia] after the signing of the [|Anglo-Russian Entente] in 1907.

Archduke Francis Ferdinand,

Gavrilo Princip, Princip [|assassinated] [|Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria] and his wife, [|Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg], in[|Sarajevo] on 28 June 1914.

Emperor William II, was the last[|German Emperor] and [|King of Prussia], ruling both the [|German Empire] and the [|Kingdom of Prussia] from 15 June 1888 to 9 November 1918.

Czar Nicholas II, was the last [|Czar] of [|Russia], [|Grand Duke of Finland], and titular [|King of Poland]

General Alfred von Schlieffen. (28 February 1833 – 4 January 1913) was a [|German] [|field marshal] and [|strategist]who served as Chief of the [|Imperial] [|German General Staff] from 1891 to 1906

**What was the Lusitania and what happened to it when? **
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: normal;">The Lusitania was an ocean liner owned by the Cunard Steamship Company, which was based in England. It is most well-known for being sunk by a German [|U-Boat] during the First World War, causing over 1,100 deaths and marking a turning point in the war. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;">The British ocean liner sank after it was attacked by a German submarine off the coast of Ireland on May 7, 1915. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">

Questions:

1. How did the Lusitania contribute to drawing the United States into World War I? When the <span style="font-family: verdana,sans-serif;">//<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Lusitania // <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> was downed, 1,200 civilians, including 128 Americans, were killed. U.S. President Woodrow Wilson (1856–1924) warned Germany that another such incident would force the United States to enter the war. Germany heeded the warning for a time, but later began attacking American cargo ships, forcing the United States to enter the war on the side of the Allies (Serbia, France, Great Britain, Russia, and nineteen other nations).

2. What were some of the results of the growth of nationalism in the nineteenth century? WWI was caused by nationalism. When the war was declared on Germany, people burst out on the street celebrating in France and Britain. If the population had not been primed to support the war, the government might not have started it!

3. What warnings and ultimatums did European countries issue in the summer of 1914? What were the results of these ultimatums? Austrian ultimatum to Belgrade, Britain sends ultimatum to Belgian, and so on...Until war all of Europe has broken out!!

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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">June 28, 1914: a Serbian nationalist shot and killed Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife. Though many long range causes existed, this event would launch WWI. ======

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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">July 23- The ultimatum was presented by the Austrian government to Belgrade on Thursday 23 July 1914 at 6 p.m. ======

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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">July 29- Russia, Serbia's ally, orders the mobilisation of troops. ======

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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Aug. 3- Germany declares war on France; Britain sends ultimatum to Germany to respect Belgian neutrality. ======

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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Aug 4- No satisfactory response is received from Germany. Britain declares war. ======

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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">What happened on the 11th hours of the 11th day of the 11th month? =====

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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">propaganda- a form of communication aimed at influencing the attitude of a community toward some cause or position. As opposed to[|impartially] providing information, propaganda in its most basic sense, presents information primarily to influence an audience. ======

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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">trench warfare- a form of warfare in which both combatants occupied fighting lines, consisting largely of [|trenches], in which troops were largely immune to the enemy's [|small arms] fire and were substantially sheltered from [|artillery]. ======

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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">war of attrition- the war of attrition is a model of aggression in which two contestants compete for a resource of value V by persisting while constantly accumulating costs over the time t that the contest lasts ======

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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">total war- a strategy game series developed by the Creative Assembly. Its games combine turn-based strategy and resource management, with real-time tactical control of battles ======

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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">planned economies- or directed economy is an economic system in which the state or workers' councils manage the economy <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">Identify: Lawrence of Arabia, Admiral Holtzendorff, was a [|German] [|admiral] during [|World War I] who became famous for his Dec 1916 memo to [|Kaiser Wilhelm II] about unrestricted [|submarine warfare] against the [|United Kingdom]. Woodrow Wilson. 28th presedent of the united states. Wilson's second term centered on [|World War I]. He based his re-election campaign around the slogan "he kept us out of the war", but U.S. neutrality was challenged in early 1917 when the German government [|proposed] to Mexico a military alliance in a war against the U.S., and began [|unrestricted submarine warfare], sinking without warning every American merchant ship its submarines could find. Wilson in April 1917 asked Congress to [|declare war]. Questions: <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">1. How did the war on the Western Front turn into a stalemate? The advent of trench warfare made it nearly impossible to make progress. 2. Why did attempts to break through enemy lines rarely work under trench warfare? Because to break through the enemy lines in trench warfare is near suicide you would have to run in the open. even if you made it to the enemies trenches. 3. In what ways did the Allies try to widen the war from 1915 to 1918? 4. What was the immediate cause of U.S. entry into World War I? 5. How did World War I affect the lives of women in Western countries? <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"> WWI propaganda Trench warfare  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> ======

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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> **//__soviets__//**- the government of the Soviet Union **//__coincide__//**- go with, fall together **__//irrelevant//__**- aving no bearing on or connection with the subject at issue <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"> **//__war communism__//**- or **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">military communism ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"> was the economic and political system that existed in the [|Soviet Russia] during the [|Russian Civil War], from 1918 to 1921. <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Identify: <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;">Alexandra- <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px;">Born on 6 June 1872 in Darmstadt, Germany, Tsarina Alexandra was a granddaughter of Britain's Queen Victoria and the daughter of Louis IV, the Grand Duke of Hesse-Darmstadt. Orphaned at the age of six she married [|Tsar Nicholas II] in 1894 and moved to Russia - a country she greatly disliked. Tsarina Alexandra (1872-1918) suffered a tragic life that ended with the murder of both her and her family at the hands of the Bolsheviks in July 1918. ======

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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Grigori Rasputin- <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px;">Grigory Yefimovich Rasputin (1872-1916) was the infamous 'holy man' whose ability to heal the [|Tsar] and [|Tsarina's] son Alexis led to his being adopted as a supreme mystic at court. Growing in influence to the point where he effectively dictated policy he was eventually assassinated by a group of court conspirators in December 1916. =====

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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Alexander Kerensky- <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px;">Alexander Kerenski (1881-1970) served at the head of the Russian Provisional Government from July-October 1917; with the Bolshevik October Revolution he was forced to flee the country, remaining in exile for the remaining 53 years of his life. Convinced that Russia's future demanded radical change, Kerenski publicly called upon the Tsar to abdicate towards the close of 1916. The February Revolution of 1917, which saw the Tsar duly[|abdicate], brought Kerenski two influential appointments; as vice-chairman of the Petrograd Soviet and as Minister of Justice in the Provisional Government. =====

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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Bolshe- viks- <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px;">lthough not technically a "minor power", Russia's part in the Great War is often forgotten. In an alliance with Britain and France, Russia also saw itself as the champion of the Slav peoples in their struggle for independence, first from the Turks, then from the Austrians. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;">The Bolshevik leaders signed the [|Treaty of Brest-Litovsk], whereby German troops occupied great swathes of Western Russia, including most of the Ukraine, the Baltic states and the South of Finland (who gained her independence). Questions:=====

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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">V. I. Lenin- was a [|Russian] revolutionary and communist politician who led the [|October Revolution of 1917]. As leader of the [|Bolsheviks], he headed the[|Soviet] state during its initial years (1917–1924), as it fought to establish control of Russia in the [|Russian Civil War] and worked to create a [|socialist]economic system.As a politician, Vladimir Lenin was a persuasive [|orator], as a [|political scientist] his extensive theoretic and [|philosophical] developments of[|Marxism] produced [|Marxism–Leninism], the pragmatic [|Russian] application of Marxism. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"> Lenin died at 18.50 hrs, Moscow time, on 21 January 1924, aged 53, at his estate in [|Gorki Leninskiye]. In the four days that the Bolshevik Leader Vladimir Ilyich Lenin [|lay in state], more than 900,000 mourners viewed his body in the [|Hall of Columns]; among the statesmen who expressed condolences to Russia (the USSR) was Chinese premier [|Sun Yat-sen] ======

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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Leon Trotsky- born <span style="font-family: sans-serif,helvetica,sans-serif;">**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Lev Davidovich Bronstein ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> ([|Russian]: Лев Давидович Бронштéйн), was a [|Bolshevik] revolutionary and [|Marxist] theorist. He was one of the leaders of the Russian [|October Revolution], second only to [|Vladimir Lenin]. During the early days of the Soviet Union, he served first as [|People's Commissar]for Foreign Affairs and later as the founder and commander of the [|Red Army] and People's Commissar of War. He was also among the first members of the [|Politburo]. On 20 August 1940, Trotsky was attacked in his home in Mexico by a [|NKVD] agent, [|Ramón Mercader], with an [|ice axe]. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"> Trotsky was taken to a hospital, operated on, and survived for more than a day, dying at the age of 60 on 21 August 1940 as a result of severe brain damage.[|[57] ====== <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">

1. How did World War I contribute to the start of the Russian Revolution? Russia was doing poorly in the war, and the Provisional Government refused to pull Russia out of the war, and began announcing new offensives. Soldiers didn't like the idea, so they began withdrawing from the army and protesting against the war, along with the Bolsheviks.

2. Why did Lenin sign the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk? Russian losses in the early stages of WW-1 had reached into the millions. The 1917 Revolution was over and the war was very unpopular. Lenin needed peace at any cost and the concessions he made in this Treaty would be void if the West defeated Germany. It was a win, win, for the Bolsheviks so they signed on 3 March 1918.

3. What was the White Army? What groups made it up? Counter-revolutionary forces that invaded Russia following the [|October Revolution], creating the [|Civil War of 1918-20]. The White Armies were made up of soldiers from the French, British, Japanese, and US armies and their Russian conscripts. The Russian section of the White Army was led by former czarist officers, and members of the [|Cadet party], right-wing [|Mensheviks], and right-wing [|Socialist revolutionaries].

4. Why did the Communists win the civil war in Russia? There were SIX reasons why the Bolsheviks won the Civil War.

Firstly, the Whites were disunited. They were a coalition of different enemies of the Bolsheviks who hated each other! Their armies were thousands of miles apart, so Trotsky could defeat them one at a time.

The second reason was Trotsky, who was a brilliant war leader and strategist.

Thirdly, the Bolshevik soldiers were enthusiastic. Many were keen Communists, fighting for a better world. Others hated foreigners invading Russia.

War Communism helped the Bolsheviks. They nationalised the factories and made strikes illegal. They rationed food and forced peasants to give food to the government. This gave the Bolshevik armies the supplies they needed.

Fifthly, the Cheka murdered more than 7000 Whites. Terror united all the Bolsheviks and made them keen to win the war.

Finally, the Bolsheviks had what they needed to win the war – control of Moscow and Petrograd (with their factories), control of the railways, and an army of 300,000 men.


 * March 8, 1917-** The Provisional Government issues a program of goals and democratic principles, including civil rights and self-government through town dumas. It's hugely optimistic and immediately compromised by the demands of war. The Tsar and his family are arrested.


 * March 10, 1917-** The Province of [|Batangas] is formally founded as one of the [|Philippines]' first [|encomiendas].


 * March 12, 19170-** A Bolshevik called Joseph Stalin, one of many released political prisoners, arrives back in Petrograd where he supports both the PS and PG.


 * March 15, 1917-** Tsar [|Nicholas II of Russia] abdicates his throne for his son.


 * April 1917**
 * April 3: Lenin returns to Russia, where he soon dominates the Bolshevik party.
 * April 4: Lenin gives a speech known as the April Thesis, which asks for power to all the soviets and promises peace, bread, land, worker control and an end to the war.
 * April 18: The PG Foreign Minister Milyukov secretly confirms Russia's war aims to the Allies, including the retention of the 1915 territorial claims.
 * April 23-4: Milyukov's confirmation leaks, leading to mass public demonstrations; soldiers and workers demand peace and several ministers, including Milyukov, resign. The Duma invites the PS to form a joint government. The PS agrees, creating a blurred, semi-socialist provisional government.


 * November 6, 1917**
 * November 2: The Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia is issued.
 * November 3: Bolsheviks finally take control of Moscow and the Kremlin.
 * November 10: All ranks and titles abolished.
 * November 12-19: The elections to the Constituent Assembly in which over 44 million votes are cast across Russia. The Bolsheviks gain 23.9% of the vote, with much larger support amongst soldiers, urban workers. Moscow and Petrograd. SRs get 40%.
 * November 19: Official peace negotiations begin on the Eastern Front.


 * March 3, 1918**- The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk is signed between Russia and the Central Powers, ending WW1 in the East; Russia concedes a massive amount of land, people and resources.

====**July 16, 1918-** At **Ekaterinburg**, **Bolshevik**s execute Czar **Nicholas II of Russia** and his family.====

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">
=Part 4= Define:

Concentrate-   collect,  gather , congregate , converge , mass , cluster , rally

Armistice- an agreement made by opposing sides in a war to stop fighting for acertain time; a truce

Consistent-  constant,  regular , uniform , steady , stable , even , unchanging , undeviating , unfluctuating ; dependable , reliable , predictable

Reparation- the making of amends for a wrong one has done, by paying money toor otherwise helping those who have been wronged

Clause- a particular and separate article, stipulation, or proviso in a treaty, bill, or contract

Mandate- an official order or commission to do something

Identify:

Erich von Ludendorff- 1<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 15px;">865-1937, German general. A disciple of [|Schlieffen], he served in [|World War I] as chief of staff to Field Marshal [|Hindenburg] and was largely responsible for German military decisions. Later he became alienated from Hitler. His writings include //Ludendorff's Own Story// (tr. 1919) and //The General Staff and Its Problems// (tr. 1920).

Friedrich Ebert- <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 15px;">Friedrich Ebert, 1871-1925, first president (1919-25) of the German republic. A Social Democratic deputy in the Reichstag, in 1913 he became party leader, succeeding [|Bebel] ; a gradualist, or moderate, he was seen as pragmatic and non-ideological. During his presidency[|Germany] accepted the Treaty of [|Versailles] and adopted the Weimar constitution, but his coalition lost its majority because of resentment over the treaty.

David Lloyd George- D<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 15px;">avid Lloyd George, 1st Earl Lloyd-George of Dwyfor, 1863-1945, British statesman, of Welsh extraction. Lloyd George was a brilliantly eloquent, forceful, and creative statesman, but he was often unscrupulous and opportunistic in his methods and widely mistrusted. In 1936 he visited and was much impressed by [|Adolf Hitler], but he later attacked the policy of appeasing Nazi Germany. He was raised to the peerage only a few months before his death.

Georges Clemenceau- <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 15px;">Georges Clemenceau, 1841-1929, French political figure, twice premier (1906-9, 1917-20), called "the Tiger." He was trained as a doctor, but his republicanism brought him into conflict with the government of [|Napoleon III], and he went to the [|United States], where he spent several years as a journalist and a teacher. He renewed the dispirited morale of France, persuaded the allies to agree to a unified command, and pushed the war vigorously until the final victory. Leading the French delegation at the Paris Peace Conference, Clemenceau insisted on Germany's disarmament and was never satisfied with the Versailles Treaty.

1. What was the effect of the U.S. entry into World War I? <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;">The war would probably have been lost if the Americans hadn't been dragged in as the Ludendorff offense was extremely close to conquering Paris and was effective in breaking the stalemate of trench warefare. The Russians having left the war was another reason the American's were essential to the win. The fresh troops, money supply and the fresh moral they brought were all valuable resources.

2. What new nations emerged as a result of the war and the peace treaties? FInlands, Latvia Estonia, Lithuania, Poland, Czechoslovakia. Austria, Yugoslavia, and Hungary.


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1. The treaty formally placed the responsibility for the war on Germany and its allies and imposed on Germany the burden of the p[|reparations] payments.======

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Land - Germany lost land to a number of other countries. Alsace-Lorraine was returned to France, Eupen and Malmedy were given to Belgium, North Schleswig was given to Denmark. Land was also taken from Germany and given to Czechoslovakia and Poland. The League of Nations took control of Germany's colonies ======

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4. Buffer zone – a protective barrier of land, e.g. Eastern Poland taken by the USSR as protection against a future German attack. ======


 * [[image:http://www.historyonthenet.com/WW1/images/germanlandsmed.gif height="207" caption="Land lost by Germany" link="@http://www.historyonthenet.com/WW1/germanlosses.htm"]] ||
 * Land lost by Germany ||

<span style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; border-collapse: collapse;"><span style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate;">
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1. The treaty formally placed the responsibility for the war on Germany and its allies and imposed on Germany the burden of the p[|reparations] payments.======

Rhineland - The Rhineland area was to be kept free of German military personnel and weapons
3. Anschluss - Germany was not allowed to unite with Austria.

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Land - Germany lost land to a number of other countries. Alsace-Lorraine was returned to France, Eupen and Malmedy were given to Belgium, North Schleswig was given to Denmark. Land was also taken from Germany and given to Czechoslovakia and Poland. The League of Nations took control of Germany's colonies======

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4. Buffer zone – a protective barrier of land, e.g. Eastern Poland taken by the USSR as protection against a future German attack.======


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France: wanted their colonies(nations) back Britain: wanted war to be over US: wanted war to be over